Data-Driven Redefinition of Radicalism-Terrorism: Understanding the Continuum of Intolerance and Extremism through Indonesian Experience

Abstract

Introduction: existing definitions of intolerance, radicalism, extremism, and terrorism (IRET) in the global literature—such as Moghaddam’s Staircase to Terrorism, McCauley & Moskalenko’s Two-Pyramids Model, and Sageman’s social network approach—have shaped the theoretical foundation of radicalization studies. However, the Indonesian context presents distinctive dynamics that are not fully captured by these frameworks, including rapid radicalization through digital media, institutionalized intolerance within local policies, women’s roles in online propaganda, and the rise of hybrid terrorism that combines physical and cyber dimensions.
Objective: this study aims to provide a data-driven redefinition of intolerance, radicalism, extremism, and terrorism (IRET) by integrating Indonesia’s contextual realities with established global theoretical models.
Method: A qualitative–quantitative mixed approach was employed. The study critically engaged with existing theories, analyzed metadata and case data from terrorism management in Indonesia, and reviewed relevant scholarly contributions. Secondary datasets on terrorism cases, policy documents, and digital propaganda activities were systematically examined, while recent literature provided comparative perspectives to validate the proposed conceptual model.
Results: findings demonstrate that traditional models of radicalization require adaptation to address emerging trends within the Indonesian context. Quantitative results indicate a significant correlation between social media exposure and the early stages of radicalization, highlighting the role of online networks in shaping extremist attitudes. Additionally, gender-based digital propaganda and hybrid forms of terrorism—combining physical and cyber elements—emerge as critical dimensions influencing radical behavior.
Conclusion: the proposed data-driven redefinition of IRET incorporates these contemporary dynamics, offering a more comprehensive understanding of radicalization and terrorism in Indonesia. This framework enhances counterterrorism discourse by connecting context-specific insights with global theoretical debates. Policy implications include the need for integrated monitoring of digital radicalization, adaptive legal frameworks, and inclusive community-based prevention strategies.